infrared ir thermal imaging cameras for thermographic applications; emissivity

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Emissivity charts

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Emissivity 

Using an objects radiation to measure its temerature is more difficult than attaching a thermometer or thermocoupleto it, although sometimes this is the only convenient way. Other times, it is only necessary to see large area heat patterns, and this is difficult to do with a thermometer or thermocouple. In these cases a person can resort to any of a number of radiation measuring devices which will gove a temerature indication (bolometers, pyrometers, thermopiles, line scanners, Infrared viewers, and thermographic systems)

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Measurement consideration tips

  • The way a surface appears in the visible is the way that surface will appear in the infrared as well.
  • Get close enough for an object to occupy a sizeable section of the IR camera screen, focus on the object
  • Look at the object face on
  • move around the object while scanning with the IR camera in order to eliminate reflections
  • Try IR scanning on a windless day
  • The higher the ambient temerature, the better the reading
  • Watch out for the sun, for light, and for spectral absorption and emission.

 

 TABLE OF EMISSIVITY - NON METALS

Material Temperature (F) (C) E-Emissivity
Adobe 68 20 .90
Asbestos
Board 100 38 .96
Cement 32-392 0-200 .96
Cement, Red 2500 1371 .67
Cement, White 2500 1317 .65
Cloth 199 93 .90
Paper 100-700 38-371 .93
Slate 68 20 .72
Asphalt, pavement 100 38 .93
Asphalt, tar paper 68 20 .93
Basalt 68 20 .72
Brick
Red, rough 70 21 .93
Gault Cream 2500-5000 1371-2760 .26-.30
Fire Clay 2500 1371 .75
Lime Clay 2500 1371 .43
Fire Brick 1832 100 .75-.80
Magnesite, Refractory 1832 1000 .38
Gray Brick 2021 1100 .75
Silica, Glazed 2000 1093 .88
Silica, Unglazed 2000 1093 .80
Sandlime 2500-5000 1371-2760 .59-.63
Carborundum 1850 1010 .92
Ceramic
Alumina on Inconel 800-2000 427-1093 .69-.45
Earthenware, Glazed 70 21 .90
Earthenware, Matte 70 21 .93
Greens No. 5210-2C 200-750 93-399 .89-.82
Coating No. C20A 200-750 93-399 .73-.80
Porcelain 72 22 .92
White Al2O3 200 93 .90
Zirconia on Inconel 800-2000 427-1093 .62-.45
Clay 68 20 .39
" Fired 158 70 .91
" Shale 68 20 .69
" Tiles, Light Red 2500-5000 1371-2760 .32-.34
" Tiles,  Dark Purple 2500-5000 1371-2760 .78
Concrete
Rough 32-2000 0-1093 .94
Tiles, Natural 2500-5000 1371-2760 .63-.62
" Brown 2500-5000 1371-2760 .87-.83
" Black 2500-5000 1371-2760 .94-.91
Cotton Cloth 68 20 .77
Dolomite Lime 68 20 .41
Emery Corundum 176 80 .86
Glass
Convex D 212 100 .80
Convex D 600 316 .82
Convex D 932 500 .76
Nonex 212 100 .82
Nonex 939 500 .76
Smooth 32-200 0-93 .92-.94
Granite 70 21 .45
Gravel 100 38 .28
Gypsum 68 20 .80-.90
Ice, Smooth 32 0 .97
Ice, Rough 32 0 .98
Lacquer
Black 200 93 .96
Blue, on Al Foil 100 38 .78
Clear, on Al Foil (2 coats) 200 93 .08 (.09)
Clear, on Bright Cu 200 93 .66
Clear, on Tarnished Cu 200 93 .64
Red, on Al Foil (2 coats) 200 93 .61 (.74)
White 200 93. .95
White, on Al Foil (2 coats) 100 38 .69 (.88)
Yellow, on Al Foil (2 coats) 100 38 .57 (.79)
Lime Mortar 100-500 38-260 .90-.92
Limestone 100 38 .95
Marble, White 100 38 .95
" Smooth, White 100 38 .56
" Polished Gray 100 38 .75
Mica 100 38 .75
Oil on Nickel
0.001 Film 72 22 .27
0.002 " 72 22 .46
0.005 " 72 22 .72
Thick " 72 22 .82
Oil, Linseed
On Al Foil, uncoated 250 121 .09
On Al Foil, 1 coat 250 121 .56
On Al Foil, 2 coats 250 121 .56
On Polished Iron, .001 Film 100 38 .22
On Polished Iron, .002 Film 100 38 .45
On Polished Iron, .004 Film 100 38 .65
On Polished Iron, Thick Film 100 38 .83
Paints
Blue, Cu2O3 75 24 .94
Black, CuO 75 24 .96
Green, Cu2O3 75 24 .92
Red, Fe2O3 75 24 .91
White, Al2O3 75 24 .94
White, Y2O3 75 24 .90
White, ZnO 75 24 .95
White, MgCO3 75 24 .91
White, ZrO2 75 24 .95
White, ThO2 75 24 .90
White, MgO 75 24 .91
White, PbCO3 75 24 .93
Yellow, PbO 75 24 .90
Yellow, PbCrO4 75 24 .93
Paints, Aluminium 100 38 .27-.67
10% Al 100 38 .52
26% Al 100 38 .30
Dow XP-310 200 93 .22
Paints, Bronze low low .34-.80
Gum Varnish (2 coats) 70 21 .53
Gum Varnish (3 coats) 70 21 .50
Cellulose Binder (2 coats) 70 21 .34
Paints, Oil
All colors 200 93 .92-.96
Black 200 93 .92
Black Gloss 70 21 .90
Camouflage Green 125 52 .85
Flat Black 80 27 .88
Flat White 80 27 .91
Gray-Green 70 21 .95
Green 200 93 .95
Lamp Black 209 98 .96
Red 200 93 .95
White 200 93 .94
Quartz, Rough, Fused 70 21 .93
Glass, 1.98 mm 540 282 .90
Glass, 1.98 mm 1540 838 .41
Glass, 6.88 mm 540 282 .93
Glass, 6.88 mm 1540 838 .47
Opaque 570 299 .92
Opaque 1540 838 .68
Red Lead 212 100 .93
Rubber, Hard 74 23 .94
Rubber, Soft, Gray 76 24 .86
Sand 68 20 .76
Sandstone 100 38 .67
Sandstone, Red 100 38 .60-.83
Sawdust 68 20 .75
Shale 68 20 .69
Silica,Glazed 1832 1000 .85
Silica, Unglazed 2012 1100 .75
Silicon Carbide 300-1200 149-649 .83-.96
Silk Cloth 68 20 .78
Slate 100 38 .67-.80
Snow, Fine Particles 20 -7 .82
Snow, Granular 18 -8 .89
Soil
Surface 100 38 .38
Black Loam 68 20 .66
Plowed Field 68 20 .38
Soot
Acetylene 75 24 .97
Camphor 75 24 .94
Candle 250 121 .95
Coal 68 20 .95
Stonework 100 38 .67
Water 100 38 .67
Waterglass 68 20 .96
Wood low low .80-.90
Beech Planed 158 70 .94
Oak, Planed 100 38 .91

 TABLE OF EMISSIVITY - METALS

Material Temp. (°C) Normal emissivity, En
Aluminum
   Unoxidized 100 0.03
   Unoxidized 500 0.06
   Oxidized 200 0.11
   Oxidized 600 0.19
Monel, Ni-Cu
   Unoxidized 200 0.41
   Unoxidized 600 0.46
Nickel
   Polished 40 0.05
   Oxidized 40 0.31
   Oxidized 250 0.46
Steel
   Unoxidized 100 0.08
   Oxidized 100 0.80
Stainless Steel
   Polished 100 0.22
   Polished 425 0.45

 

MATERIAL CONDUCTIVITY ("k") INSULATIVE ("R")
Copper 2712.00 .00037
Aluminum (6061) 1160.00 .00086
Aluminum (5052) 960.00 .00104
Lead 245.00 .004
Stainless Steel (316) 113.00 .00885
Glass 5.00 .20
Polyester FRP (hand laid) .48 2.08
Polyethylene Foam .43 2.33
Wood (dry) .33 3.03
Polyester FRP (pultruded) .31 3.26
Glass Wool .29 3.45
Polystyrene (expanded) .28 3.57
Cork Board 27 3.70
Polystyrene (extruded) .21 4.80
PVC (Klegecell) .21 4.80
Polyurethane Foam .17 5.88
Air .16 6.25
BARRIER 20 (new) .037 27.02
BARRIER 20 (20 years) .05 20.00
AURA Panels .013 75.00
Total Vacuum .004 250.00

Heat transmission between objects
         Heat transfer between objects as shown by thermal infrared imager

 

 Thermal infrared camera captures IR heat image.
 

    The image on the left shows two adults and a child through an infrared thermal imager.  After a  minute of sitting on the couch the thermal infrared energy of the people is transferred and stored in the couch until they get up.  The image on the right illustrates the fact that all objects radiate heat.  The heat from their bodies that transferred to the couch is now being emitted from the couch and displayed on a thermal imaging device.  No visual light technology can record this type of data.  The properties of heat transmission are more than an interesting novelty, this information can prove useful in a variety of applications.  Law enforcement applications include criminal tracking, land/airborne surveillance, drug facility detection, or vehicles which have been recently operated all from a safe distance, industrial users can detect flaws in manufacturing or weakened insulators, fire safety professionals can detect full  vs. empty flammable storage containers, and forestry workers can easily track game or poachers. Other applications include non destructive testing, process control, predictive/preventative maintenance, building/factory diagnostics, energy audits, roofing/insulation inspection, insurance fraud prevention, veterinary/human medical imaging, border patrol, remote security monitoring, and many more applications being discovered.

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How thermal ir imagers work for you
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    Thermal infrared imagers come in different configurations to suit your specific needs.  Some imagers are designed to give you actual temperature measurement of the scene along with a color video representation.  This type of imager is called "radiometric" and is used mostly for industrial ( predictive maintenance, process control, R&D ) and medical ( human & veterinary ) applications.   Other imagers are designed primarily for surveillance and / or  target acquisition environments.  These units can be either hand held or fixed mount remote installations.  The chief differences in surveillance  units is going to be the optical components and the resolution of the imager.  High end units for surveillance and target acquisition scenarios are capable of human detection at over 1 mile and vehicle detection at over 5 miles.  Another type of detector is the aerial surveillance mounted thermal imager.  These units are mounted to aircraft in gyro stabilized all weather housings.  Typically they are remote controlled and are either alone or paired with a CCD TV camera.  Primarily these units are used by law enforcement agencies and electronic news gathering teams. 

 

    This page is very short for such a technical topic and is not meant to be a definitive resource but a very general outline.  At SPI we welcome any questions or comments you might have regarding thermal technologies.  Call us at 805-772-0225 or email us with your questions and you will be responded to immediately.
 

 
 

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