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Emissivity charts
|
|
 |
|
Emissivity
Using an objects radiation to measure its
temerature is more difficult than attaching a thermometer or thermocoupleto it, although
sometimes this is the only convenient way. Other times, it is only necessary to see large
area heat patterns, and this is difficult to do with a thermometer or thermocouple. In
these cases a person can resort to any of a number of radiation measuring devices which
will gove a temerature indication (bolometers, pyrometers, thermopiles, line scanners,
Infrared viewers, and thermographic systems)
Measurement consideration tips
- The way a surface appears in the visible is the way that surface
will appear in the infrared as well.
- Get close enough for an object to occupy a sizeable section of the
IR camera screen, focus on the object
- Look at the object face on
- move around the object while scanning with the IR camera in order
to eliminate reflections
- Try IR scanning on a windless day
- The higher the ambient temerature, the better the reading
- Watch out for the sun, for light, and for spectral absorption and
emission.
TABLE OF EMISSIVITY - NON METALS
| Material |
Temperature
(F) |
(C) |
E-Emissivity |
| Adobe |
68 |
20 |
.90 |
| Asbestos |
|
|
|
| Board |
100 |
38 |
.96 |
| Cement |
32-392 |
0-200 |
.96 |
| Cement, Red |
2500 |
1371 |
.67 |
| Cement, White |
2500 |
1317 |
.65 |
| Cloth |
199 |
93 |
.90 |
| Paper |
100-700 |
38-371 |
.93 |
| Slate |
68 |
20 |
.72 |
| Asphalt, pavement |
100 |
38 |
.93 |
| Asphalt, tar paper |
68 |
20 |
.93 |
| Basalt |
68 |
20 |
.72 |
| Brick |
|
|
|
| Red, rough |
70 |
21 |
.93 |
| Gault Cream |
2500-5000 |
1371-2760 |
.26-.30 |
| Fire Clay |
2500 |
1371 |
.75 |
| Lime Clay |
2500 |
1371 |
.43 |
| Fire Brick |
1832 |
100 |
.75-.80 |
| Magnesite,
Refractory |
1832 |
1000 |
.38 |
| Gray Brick |
2021 |
1100 |
.75 |
| Silica, Glazed |
2000 |
1093 |
.88 |
| Silica, Unglazed |
2000 |
1093 |
.80 |
| Sandlime |
2500-5000 |
1371-2760 |
.59-.63 |
| Carborundum |
1850 |
1010 |
.92 |
| Ceramic |
|
|
| Alumina on Inconel |
800-2000 |
427-1093 |
.69-.45 |
| Earthenware, Glazed |
70 |
21 |
.90 |
| Earthenware, Matte |
70 |
21 |
.93 |
| Greens No. 5210-2C |
200-750 |
93-399 |
.89-.82 |
| Coating No. C20A |
200-750 |
93-399 |
.73-.80 |
| Porcelain |
72 |
22 |
.92 |
| White Al2O3 |
200 |
93 |
.90 |
| Zirconia on Inconel |
800-2000 |
427-1093 |
.62-.45 |
| Clay |
68 |
20 |
.39 |
| " Fired |
158 |
70 |
.91 |
| " Shale |
68 |
20 |
.69 |
| " Tiles, Light
Red |
2500-5000 |
1371-2760 |
.32-.34 |
| " Tiles,
Dark Purple |
2500-5000 |
1371-2760 |
.78 |
| Concrete |
|
|
|
| Rough |
32-2000 |
0-1093 |
.94 |
| Tiles, Natural |
2500-5000 |
1371-2760 |
.63-.62 |
| " Brown |
2500-5000 |
1371-2760 |
.87-.83 |
| " Black |
2500-5000 |
1371-2760 |
.94-.91 |
| Cotton Cloth |
68 |
20 |
.77 |
| Dolomite Lime |
68 |
20 |
.41 |
| Emery Corundum |
176 |
80 |
.86 |
| Glass |
|
|
|
| Convex D |
212 |
100 |
.80 |
| Convex D |
600 |
316 |
.82 |
| Convex D |
932 |
500 |
.76 |
| Nonex |
212 |
100 |
.82 |
| Nonex |
939 |
500 |
.76 |
| Smooth |
32-200 |
0-93 |
.92-.94 |
| Granite |
70 |
21 |
.45 |
| Gravel |
100 |
38 |
.28 |
| Gypsum |
68 |
20 |
.80-.90 |
| Ice, Smooth |
32 |
0 |
.97 |
| Ice, Rough |
32 |
0 |
.98 |
| Lacquer |
|
|
|
| Black |
200 |
93 |
.96 |
| Blue, on Al Foil |
100 |
38 |
.78 |
| Clear, on Al Foil (2
coats) |
200 |
93 |
.08 (.09) |
| Clear, on Bright Cu |
200 |
93 |
.66 |
| Clear, on Tarnished
Cu |
200 |
93 |
.64 |
| Red, on Al Foil (2
coats) |
200 |
93 |
.61 (.74) |
| White |
200 |
93. |
.95 |
| White, on Al Foil (2
coats) |
100 |
38 |
.69 (.88) |
| Yellow, on Al Foil
(2 coats) |
100 |
38 |
.57 (.79) |
| Lime Mortar |
100-500 |
38-260 |
.90-.92 |
| Limestone |
100 |
38 |
.95 |
| Marble, White |
100 |
38 |
.95 |
| " Smooth, White |
100 |
38 |
.56 |
| " Polished Gray |
100 |
38 |
.75 |
| Mica |
100 |
38 |
.75 |
| Oil on Nickel |
|
|
|
| 0.001 Film |
72 |
22 |
.27 |
| 0.002 " |
72 |
22 |
.46 |
| 0.005 " |
72 |
22 |
.72 |
| Thick " |
72 |
22 |
.82 |
| Oil,
Linseed |
|
|
|
| On Al Foil, uncoated |
250 |
121 |
.09 |
| On Al Foil, 1 coat |
250 |
121 |
.56 |
| On Al Foil, 2 coats |
250 |
121 |
.56 |
| On Polished Iron,
.001 Film |
100 |
38 |
.22 |
| On Polished Iron,
.002 Film |
100 |
38 |
.45 |
| On Polished Iron,
.004 Film |
100 |
38 |
.65 |
| On Polished Iron,
Thick Film |
100 |
38 |
.83 |
| Paints |
|
|
|
| Blue, Cu2O3 |
75 |
24 |
.94 |
| Black, CuO |
75 |
24 |
.96 |
| Green, Cu2O3 |
75 |
24 |
.92 |
| Red, Fe2O3 |
75 |
24 |
.91 |
| White, Al2O3 |
75 |
24 |
.94 |
| White, Y2O3 |
75 |
24 |
.90 |
| White, ZnO |
75 |
24 |
.95 |
| White, MgCO3 |
75 |
24 |
.91 |
| White, ZrO2 |
75 |
24 |
.95 |
| White, ThO2 |
75 |
24 |
.90 |
| White, MgO |
75 |
24 |
.91 |
| White, PbCO3 |
75 |
24 |
.93 |
| Yellow, PbO |
75 |
24 |
.90 |
| Yellow, PbCrO4 |
75 |
24 |
.93 |
| Paints, Aluminium |
100 |
38 |
.27-.67 |
| 10% Al |
100 |
38 |
.52 |
| 26% Al |
100 |
38 |
.30 |
| Dow XP-310 |
200 |
93 |
.22 |
| Paints, Bronze |
low |
low |
.34-.80 |
| Gum Varnish (2
coats) |
70 |
21 |
.53 |
| Gum Varnish (3
coats) |
70 |
21 |
.50 |
| Cellulose Binder (2
coats) |
70 |
21 |
.34 |
| Paints, Oil |
|
|
|
| All colors |
200 |
93 |
.92-.96 |
| Black |
200 |
93 |
.92 |
| Black Gloss |
70 |
21 |
.90 |
| Camouflage Green |
125 |
52 |
.85 |
| Flat Black |
80 |
27 |
.88 |
| Flat White |
80 |
27 |
.91 |
| Gray-Green |
70 |
21 |
.95 |
| Green |
200 |
93 |
.95 |
| Lamp Black |
209 |
98 |
.96 |
| Red |
200 |
93 |
.95 |
| White |
200 |
93 |
.94 |
| Quartz, Rough, Fused |
70 |
21 |
.93 |
| Glass, 1.98 mm |
540 |
282 |
.90 |
| Glass, 1.98 mm |
1540 |
838 |
.41 |
| Glass, 6.88 mm |
540 |
282 |
.93 |
| Glass, 6.88 mm |
1540 |
838 |
.47 |
| Opaque |
570 |
299 |
.92 |
| Opaque |
1540 |
838 |
.68 |
| Red Lead |
212 |
100 |
.93 |
| Rubber, Hard |
74 |
23 |
.94 |
| Rubber, Soft, Gray |
76 |
24 |
.86 |
| Sand |
68 |
20 |
.76 |
| Sandstone |
100 |
38 |
.67 |
| Sandstone, Red |
100 |
38 |
.60-.83 |
| Sawdust |
68 |
20 |
.75 |
| Shale |
68 |
20 |
.69 |
| Silica,Glazed |
1832 |
1000 |
.85 |
| Silica, Unglazed |
2012 |
1100 |
.75 |
| Silicon Carbide |
300-1200 |
149-649 |
.83-.96 |
| Silk Cloth |
68 |
20 |
.78 |
| Slate |
100 |
38 |
.67-.80 |
| Snow, Fine Particles |
20 |
-7 |
.82 |
| Snow, Granular |
18 |
-8 |
.89 |
| Soil |
|
|
|
| Surface |
100 |
38 |
.38 |
| Black Loam |
68 |
20 |
.66 |
| Plowed Field |
68 |
20 |
.38 |
| Soot |
|
|
|
| Acetylene |
75 |
24 |
.97 |
| Camphor |
75 |
24 |
.94 |
| Candle |
250 |
121 |
.95 |
| Coal |
68 |
20 |
.95 |
| Stonework |
100 |
38 |
.67 |
| Water |
100 |
38 |
.67 |
| Waterglass |
68 |
20 |
.96 |
| Wood |
low |
low |
.80-.90 |
| Beech Planed |
158 |
70 |
.94 |
| Oak, Planed |
100 |
38 |
.91 |
TABLE OF EMISSIVITY -
METALS
| Material |
Temp. (°C) |
Normal emissivity, En |
| Aluminum |
|
|
| Unoxidized |
100 |
0.03 |
| Unoxidized |
500 |
0.06 |
| Oxidized |
200 |
0.11 |
| Oxidized |
600 |
0.19 |
| Monel, Ni-Cu |
| Unoxidized |
200 |
0.41 |
| Unoxidized |
600 |
0.46 |
| Nickel |
| Polished |
40 |
0.05 |
| Oxidized |
40 |
0.31 |
| Oxidized |
250 |
0.46 |
| Steel |
| Unoxidized |
100 |
0.08 |
| Oxidized |
100 |
0.80 |
| Stainless Steel |
| Polished |
100 |
0.22 |
| Polished |
425 |
0.45 |
| MATERIAL |
CONDUCTIVITY ("k") |
INSULATIVE ("R") |
| Copper |
2712.00 |
.00037 |
| Aluminum (6061) |
1160.00 |
.00086 |
| Aluminum (5052) |
960.00 |
.00104 |
| Lead |
245.00 |
.004 |
| Stainless Steel (316) |
113.00 |
.00885 |
| Glass |
5.00 |
.20 |
| Polyester FRP (hand laid) |
.48 |
2.08 |
| Polyethylene Foam |
.43 |
2.33 |
| Wood (dry) |
.33 |
3.03 |
| Polyester FRP (pultruded) |
.31 |
3.26 |
| Glass Wool |
.29 |
3.45 |
| Polystyrene (expanded) |
.28 |
3.57 |
| Cork Board |
27 |
3.70 |
| Polystyrene (extruded) |
.21 |
4.80 |
| PVC (Klegecell) |
.21 |
4.80 |
| Polyurethane Foam |
.17 |
5.88 |
| Air |
.16 |
6.25 |
| BARRIER 20 (new) |
.037 |
27.02 |
| BARRIER 20 (20 years) |
.05 |
20.00 |
| AURA Panels |
.013 |
75.00 |
| Total Vacuum |
.004 |
250.00 |
|
|
|
|
Heat transmission between objects |
 |
 |
|
The image on the left shows two adults and a
child through an infrared thermal imager.
After a minute of sitting on the couch
the thermal infrared energy of the people is transferred and stored in the couch until
they get up. The image on the right
illustrates the fact that all objects radiate heat. The heat from their bodies that
transferred to the couch is now being emitted
from the couch and displayed on a thermal imaging device.
No visual light technology can record this type of data. The properties of heat
transmission are more than an interesting novelty, this information can prove useful in a
variety of applications. Law enforcement
applications include criminal tracking, land/airborne
surveillance, drug facility detection, or vehicles which have been
recently operated all from a safe distance, industrial users can detect flaws in
manufacturing or weakened insulators, fire safety professionals can detect full vs.
empty flammable storage containers, and forestry workers can easily track game or
poachers. Other applications include non destructive
testing, process control, predictive/preventative maintenance, building/factory
diagnostics, energy audits, roofing/insulation inspection, insurance fraud prevention,
veterinary/human medical imaging, border patrol, remote security monitoring,
and many more applications being discovered.
|
How thermal ir imagers work for you
|
 |
 |
|
Thermal infrared imagers
come in different configurations to suit your specific needs. Some imagers are
designed to give you actual temperature measurement of
the scene along with a color video representation. This type of imager is called
"radiometric" and is used mostly
for industrial ( predictive maintenance, process control, R&D ) and medical ( human
& veterinary ) applications. Other imagers are designed primarily for surveillance and / or target acquisition
environments. These units can be either hand held or fixed mount remote
installations. The chief differences in surveillance units is going to be the
optical components and the resolution of the imager. High end units for surveillance
and target acquisition scenarios are capable of human detection at over 1 mile and vehicle
detection at over 5 miles. Another type of detector is the aerial surveillance
mounted thermal imager. These units
are mounted to aircraft in gyro stabilized all weather housings. Typically they are
remote controlled and are either alone or paired with a CCD TV camera. Primarily
these units are used by law enforcement
agencies and electronic news gathering
teams.
|
This page is very short for such a technical
topic and is not meant to be a definitive resource but a very general outline. At
SPI we welcome any questions or comments you might have regarding thermal
technologies. Call us at 805-772-0225 or email
us with your questions and you will be responded to
immediately. |
|
|
| ITAR Disclaimer
Some SPI night vision products are subject to the
International Trade in Arms Regulations, administered by the US department of
state/commerce. Products that fall into this classification may be shipped anywhere
in the continental United States of America and Canada only . All other destinations
must be approved by the Department of State. Please contact the US Department of
State for assistance. |
SPI Disclaimer
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sole responsibility of the purchaser to determine local, state, and federal regulations
prior to purchase. SPI will not be held responsible for any illegal use of it's
products. SPI reserves the right to refuse shipment to any person for any
reason. Specifications and prices listed in the SPI web site are subject to change
without notice. All images and brand names of products are either copyright SPI or
are copyright or trademark of their respective companies. SPI reserves all rights.
All other companies reserve their respective rights. No part of this web site
may be copied with out the express written consent of SPI and / or the copyright /
trademark owner. |
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