Night Vision Goggles U.S. Army Data

"I can’t see anything with these!" is a common reaction when a soldier with no training or experience wears night vision goggles (NVGs) for the first time. But with training on proper adjustment procedures, every soldier can learn to eliminate that initial, blurry image. And with additional field experience, soldiers find that the goggles are an invaluable asset during night operations. To provide the ground soldier useable and definitive guidance on adjusting NVGs, we examined the effectiveness of using different field-expedient objects and of instructions on the proper adjustment procedures. These adjustment procedures were adapted from the latest aviation guidelines, which are more complete than those currently available to ground forces. Soldiers need to see the best they can to maximize performance and to operate safely at night. NVGs definitely provide soldiers better vision, but it is not the sharp, 20/20 acuity experienced during daylight. Under optimum illumination conditions, NVGs can provide 20/35 or 20/40 acuity. When the light at night is poor, NVG acuity is decreased. And regardless of the degree of ambient illumination, soldiers will not obtain the best NVG acuity without proper training in NVG adjustment.

Recently, the aviation community took efforts to ensure that pilots adjust their goggles for maximum visual acuity before flight. Their procedures require that NVG controls be adjusted in a specific sequence. These procedures also use NVG test sets or special indoor visual charts when adjusting the diopter setting. But neither of these assessment techniques is feasible for field use by ground soldiers. First, test sets weigh too much. Also, visual acuity charts require a controlled light source. Therefore, there was a need to develop comparable effective procedures for field use.

Field-Expedient Objects and Test Equipment

Instead of using the heavy, expensive test sets, our experimental procedures used objects and equipment readily available to soldiers. After soldiers adjusted their NVGs, we assessed their acuity with a special night vision goggle test set developed by Hoffman Engineering Corporation. The numbers in the center of the squares are the second part of the standard Snellen resolution fraction, for example, the 25 pattern represents Snellen 20/25. The soldier indicated the square with the smallest number where both the vertical and horizontal bars were discernible. This reading was then the visual acuity of the system with the given adjustments.

Recommended Procedures

The recommended procedures which emerged from our experiments are summarized in Figure 3 (see next page). Training and practice on these procedures improved visual acuity by at least 25%. In addition, the variability in acuity readings was reduced by two-thirds. And, there were no soldiers with blurry NVG images (20/70 visual acuity or worse).

The best readings were obtained with the tree trunk, vehicle, vehicle trail, IR and blue chem lights, and stars. Of these six objects, soldiers found that they could most easily and quickly determine when they had a sharp NVG image when viewing a tree trunk or a vehicle. The tree trunk, vehicle, stars, and vehicle trail were rated as the more usable in field environments. The chem lights were rated as less sound tactically because of potential light discipline problems.

Soldiers reacted negatively to red light sources, because of the large bloom produced in the goggles which was extremely hard to reduce. Other intense light sources (e.g., the Phoenix) created similar problems.

Nearly all soldiers (80%) indicated they could see better after using the procedures. They also reported learning something new about either the diopter adjustments or the eye span adjustments. As soldiers gained expertise in making the adjustments, they performed them very quickly.

In summary, good NVG acuity readings can be achieved with field-expedient objects when the soldier selects a high-contrast object or a non-intense light source. Training on proper adjustment procedures consistently eliminates extremely poor visual acuity settings and significantly improves the settings of soldiers with limited NVG experience. Consequently, performance and safety will be improved for every soldier, from vehicle driver to point man to rifleman.

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CLICK HERE TO SEE OUR U.S. ARMY / NAVY PVS VII GENERATION 3 NIGHT VISION GOGGLE SYSTEM

Sensor Fusion FLIR CLIP-ON NVG AN/PVS-7D thermal goggles and night vision AN/PVS-14
Additional Information AN/PVS-7 PVS-7 Data Sheet PVS-7 Training Handout How to Focus PVS-7 PVS-7 Tactics, Techniques and Procedures AN/PVS-14 PVS-14 Data Sheet PVS-14 Training Handout PVS-14 Tactics, Techniques and Procedures 3X Magnifier 3X Magnifier Data Sheet AN/PVS-7D CLICK HERE FOR THE AN/PVS-7D GENERATION 3 GOGGLE PLATFORM email US for sensor fusion engineering services, including goggles, flir sights, CLIP-ON thermal scopes, and binoculars 1. Nomenclature: AN/PVS-7B Night Vision Goggles (NVGs) AN/PVS-7D Night Vision Goggles (NVGs) 2. NSN: 7B: 5855-01-228-0937 7D: 5855-01-422-5413 3. Manual: TM 11-5855-262-10-02 Operators Manual, NVG AN/PVS-7B, 15 Jul 1994 TM 09500A-10/1A, 30 Dec 1997 4. Description: PVS-7 Night Vision Goggles allow the user to see at night using moonlight or starlight. PVS-7s can be hand held, head-mounted, or helmet-mounted. The goggles have an IR illuminator for illumination or signaling. An indicator lets the user know when the IR light is on. A separate indicator signals low battery. Automatic shutoff occurs on high light, when goggle is detached from the head mount, or flipped up on the helmet mount. 5. Characteristics: Weight: 18 oz Focus Range: 20 cm to Infinity Range: 150 m (Starlight), 300 m (Moonlight) Battery: (2) AA or (1) BA-5567/U Battery Life: 4-6 hours Magnification: 1X Field of View: 40 Interpupilary Adjustment: 55 to 71 mm 6. Accessories: PVS-7s include a helmet mount and a head mount. The 7D include a compass. A 3X Magnifier attachment is available. 7. Limitations: In complete darkness, such as inside buildings, PVS-7s are ineffective without IR illumination. The compass is 15 off. The IR illuminator illuminates only at a short range. The IR illuminator is visible to an enemy with NVGs. The helmet mount unbalances the helmet and causes neck fatigue. The 7B carrying case has a noisy velcro closure. 8. Usage Notes: The IR illuminator works well as a recognition signal during link-ups. 9. Supplier: Marine Corps Issue. TAMCN: E1152 II BP. $3578.00 PVS-7 Training Handout Ref: TM 09500A-10/1A, 30 Dec 1997 1. PVS-7 Night Vision Goggles allow the user to see at night using moonlight or starlight. 2. Major components and their purposes PVS-7D have an (18)-item SL-3 Gear List. See Reference, pages B-4 through B-8. Goggles & Lens Cap to protects lens. Demist Shields (2) for high humidity and rain. Degrades visual acuity. Light Interference Filter (LIF) to protect eyes from lasers. Sacrificial Window to protect lens from dust and sand scratches. IR Flood Lens to adjust IR beacon from spot to flood. Compass to orient at night. Tether Cord to dummy cord compass or 3X Magnifier Lens. Head Mount & (3) Browpads to mount goggles on head. Helmet Mount to mount goggles on helmet. Carrying Case & Strap to carry goggles. Storage Case to store goggles and all accessories. Operator?s Manual Older PVS-7Bs were not issued with a Helmet Mount, Compass, Tether Cord, or IR Flood Lens. The helmet mount, NSN 5855-01-441-0401, is far easier to use and should be back-ordered for 7Bs. A 3X Magnifier Lens is available as an optional accessory. See Reference, pages C-2 through C-3. 3. Battery Installation. Either (1) BA-5567/U or (2) AA alkaline. 4. Indicator Lights LOW BATTERY - Red dot in right eyepiece. IR beacon is ON - Red dot in left eyepiece. 5. Switch OFF / RESET - turns goggles OFF. Resets Goggles after automatic shutoff. ON - turns goggles ON. IR - turns IR beacon ON. Pull and turn. New goggles have temporary ON. 6. Automatic Shutoff Goggles shut off automatically in Excessive Light, when the goggles are removed from the Head Mount, or when the goggles are flipped up from the Helmet Mount. To turn goggles back on, turn switch to OFF / RESET, then back to ON position. 7. Goggle Adjustments. PVS-7s have four (4) adjustments: Interpupilary Distance. The two eyepieces slide apart to adjust to the user?s interpupilary distance. Adjust the Interpupilary Distance so that each eye views each lens as a perfect circle. Eye Relief. On the head mount and the helmet mount, the distance from the goggles to the user?s eyes needs to be adjusted as close to the eyes as is comfortable. Objective Lens Focus. The main lens rotates to focus on objects closer or farther away. Diopter focus. Each eyepiece adjusts independently to focus each eye on the image inside the goggles. Turn objective lens to focus on an object 20 feet away. Once focused, turn left diopter ring counterclockwise all the way. Close right eye. Turn left diopter ring clockwise until image first becomes clear. Do not turn past this point. Repeat this adjustment for right eyepiece, then re-adjust objective lens focus. 8. Maintenance Clean lens with lens paper. Turn in for maintenance if goggles have shading, edge glow, flashing, flickering, or operate intermittently. Some blemishes or spots are not deadline issues. Goggle resolution can only be adjusted by higher echelon maintenance. 9. Mounts Always wear the PVS-7 on a mount. NVGs are not opera glasses to be worn around the neck and lifted to the eyes when needed. This requires one hand, making it impossible to shoot. The helmet mount is far superior to the head mount. On operations where helmets are not usually worn, such as boat raids, leaders may direct Marines to wear helmets solely as a platform for the PVS-7. Marines should be able to assemble all mount hardware in the dark. Head Mount. Don Head Mount and adjust straps. Attach goggles to mount. Adjust Eye Relief by sliding mounting bracket toward or away from eyes. Helmet Mount. Strap Helmet Mount onto helmet. Attach goggles to Mount. Adjust goggle height by loosening bracket knob and sliding goggles up and down. Adjust Eye Relief by sliding mounting bracket toward or away from eyes. Goggles can be flipped up when not in use. 10. Pre-Combat Checks Install batteries. Remove Lens Cap. Attach Sacrificial Window OR Compass OR 3X Magnifier. Attach IR Flood Lens. Don and Adjust Head Mount OR Helmet Mount. Make the four (4) goggle adjustments. 11. IR Beacon The IR Beacon is for illuminating near objects in very dark conditions, or for signaling. The IR beacon CAN be detected by an enemy with NVGs. Newer goggles have a momentary ON feature. Turn Beacon ON by pulling switch out and forward. Red dot in left eye indicates IR is ON. Flood Lens attachment allows beacon to adjust from spot to flood. How to Focus PVS-7 1. Set Up Install batteries in PVS-7. Don and adjust Head Mount or Helmet Mount. Attach PVS-7. Stand behind 20-foot line. Turn lights OFF. Turn PVS-7 ON. Turn IR illuminator ON. 2. Make the (4) PVS-7 goggle adjustments Adjust Interpupilary Distance. Slide eyepieces closer or farther apart so that each eye views each lens as a perfect circle. Adjust Eye Relief. On the head mount and the helmet mount, adjust PVS-7 as close to the eyes as is comfortable to acquire maximum field of view. Lens caps should cover eyes. Adjust Objective Lens. Turn Objective Lens fully counterclockwise. Rotate Objective Lens clockwise until both vertical and horizontal charts are clearly in focus. Adjust each Diopter Ring. Turn both Diopter Rings fully counterclockwise. Close right eye. Turn left Diopter Ring clockwise until image first becomes clear. Do not turn past this point. Repeat this for right eyepiece. Re-adjust Objective Lens. 3. Afterwards, when re-focusing for distance, adjust Objective Lens ONLY. Do NOT re-adjust Diopter Rings. Xerox this page and next page. See bottom of next page for instructions on how to set up a PVS-7 focus lane. PVS-7 Adjustment Chart How to use this chart to establish a PVS-7 focus lane. Xerox this page and previous page. In a room or hallway with no windows, tape this chart to bulkhead. Place a tape line on the deck 20 feet away from this chart. Paste the "How to Focus PVS-7" instructions on the bulkhead next to the tape line. PVS-7 TTP 1. Fire the M-16A2 with PVS-7 and PAQ-4C Procedure. Focus PVS-7 to infinity. Establish solid firing position with butt of weapon in shoulder or crook of arm. Do NOT attempt to align head with sights or establish stock weld. Acquire target using PVS-7. Activate PAQ-4C beam. Adjust PAQ-4C spot onto target. Pull trigger. Techniques Tracer rounds are not needed and not recommended, except for unit leaders who need to control fires. Magazine change drills and immediate action drills need to be executed without looking. NVGs cannot be quickly re-focused onto magazine pouches or rifle for these actions. Common Errors Using the PAQ-4 in continuous mode. Do NOT ?search? the battlefield. Use the PAQ-4 beam only when engaging targets. Unit leaders, using lasers to control fire, need to control their men?s use of individual weapons laser pointers. Mistaking another Marine?s PAQ-4C beam for your own. Not boresighting the PAQ-4C. Attempting to use the sights. The iron sights of the M-16A2 have absolutely NO effect on PAQ-4C accuracy. The weapon?s BZO, or lack of BZO, has NO effect on PAQ-4C accuracy. Firing without PAQ-4C. PVS-7 without a PAQ-4C allows the shooter to acquire targets but the shooter cannot use iron sights and PVS-7 does not improve accuracy. 2. Fire the M-203 with the PVS-7 and PAQ-4C Procedures For 5.56mm, see TTP 1., above. The M-203 PAQ-4C mount is harder to use than the M-16A2 mount. For 40mm grenades, PVS-7 allow the shooter to acquire targets, but the goggles cannot be quickly re-focused onto the weapon to use the leaf or quadrant sights. Techniques Common Errors 3. Fire the M-249 with PVS-7 and PAQ-4C Procedure. Focus PVS-7 to infinity. Establish solid firing position with butt of weapon in shoulder. Do NOT attempt to align head with sights. Acquire target using PVS-7. Activate PAQ-4C beam. Adjust PAQ-4C spot onto target. Pull trigger. Techniques Tracer rounds are not needed and are not recommended for PAQ-4C firing. Conversely, if the M-249 does NOT have a PAQ-4C, tracer rounds are the ONLY way to fire accurately at night. Ammunition reload drills, barrel change drills, and immediate action drills need to be executed without looking. NVGs cannot be quickly re-focused onto the weapon for these actions. Common Errors Using the PAQ-4 in continuous mode. Do NOT ?search? the battlefield. Use the PAQ-4 beam only when engaging targets. Unit leaders, using lasers to direct fire, need to limit their men?s use of individual weapons laser pointers. Mistaking another Marine?s PAQ-4C beam for your own. Not boresighting the PAQ-4C. Until the Marine Corps acquires a PAQ-4C mount for the M-249, field expedient mounts will be difficult to accurately boresight. Attempting to use the sights. The iron sights of the M-249 have absolutely NO effect on PAQ-4C accuracy. The weapon?s BZO, or lack of BZO, or range setting, has NO effect on PAQ-4C accuracy. Firing without PAQ-4C. PVS-7, used without a PAQ-4C, does allow the shooter to acquire targets but shooter cannot use iron sights and PVS-7 does not improve accuracy. 4. Fire the M-240G with PVS-7 and PAQ-4C Procedure. Focus PVS-7 to infinity. Establish solid firing position with butt of weapon in shoulder. Do NOT attempt to align head with sights or establish stock weld. Acquire target using PVS-7. Activate PAQ-4C beam. Adjust PAQ-4C spot onto target. Pull trigger. Techniques Tracer rounds are not needed and not recommended for PAQ-4C firing. Conversely, if the M-240G does NOT have a PAQ-4C, tracer rounds are the ONLY way to fire accurately at night. Ammunition reload drills, barrel change drills, and immediate action drills need to be executed without looking. NVGs cannot be quickly re-focused onto the weapon for these actions. Common Errors Firing without an assistant gunner. M-240G muzzle flash ?whites-out? NVGs, making it hard for the gunner to adjust fire. Using the PAQ-4 in continuous mode. Do NOT ?search? the battlefield. Use the PAQ-4 beam only when engaging targets. Unit leaders, using lasers to direct fire, need to control their men?s use of individual weapons laser pointers. Mistaking another Marine?s PAQ-4C beam for your own. Not boresighting the PAQ-4C. Until the Marine Corps acquires a PAQ-4C mount for the M-240G, field expedient mounts will be difficult to accurately boresight. Attempting to use the sights. The iron sights of the M-240G have NO effect on PAQ-4C accuracy. The weapon?s BZO, or lack of BZO, or range setting, has NO effect on PAQ-4C accuracy. Firing without PAQ-4C. PVS-7, used without a PAQ-4C, does allow the shooter to acquire targets but shooter cannot use iron sights and PVS-7 does not improve accuracy. 5. Fire the Mk153 SMAW with PVS-7 and PAQ-4C Procedure. Remove optical sight. Mount PAQ-4C, inverted, to sight mount. Focus PVS-7 to infinity. Acquire target using PVS-7. Do NOT attempt to align head with sights. Activate PAQ-4C beam. Adjust PAQ-4C spot onto target. Do NOT fire spotting rounds. Pull trigger. Techniques. Ammunition reload drills and immediate action drills need to be executed without looking. NVGs cannot be quickly re-focused onto the weapon for these actions. 3X magnifier can be used. Common Errors Using the PAQ-4 in continuous mode. Do NOT ?search? the battlefield. Use the PAQ-4 beam only when engaging targets. Unit leaders, using lasers to direct fire, need to limit their men?s use of individual weapons laser pointers. Mistaking another Marine?s PAQ-4C beam for your own. Not boresighting the PAQ-4C. Until the Marine Corps acquires a PAQ-4C mount for the Mk153, field expedient mounting will be difficult to accurately boresight. Attempting to use the sight. Sights have NO effect on PAQ-4C accuracy. Firing without PAQ-4C. PVS-7, used without a PAQ-4C, does allow the shooter to acquire targets but shooter cannot use day sight and PVS-7 does not improve accuracy. Note. See Section 2.3 for mounting, boresighting, and firing the Mk153 SMAW with PAQ-4C. 6. Fire the M-224 60mm Mortar in hand-held mode with PVS-7 Procedure. Setup mortar with M7 assault baseplate. Acquire target with PVS-7. Keep eye on target. Call out distance estimate to assistant gunner. Align tube with target. Assistant gunner, viewing luminous range scale, calls ?forward? or ?back? to adjust range and loads weapon. Pull trigger. Techniques Common Errors Task overload. One man cannot shift focus between target and luminous range scale. Range estimation is difficult at night. See TTP 11., below. Distant target. The maximum range for PVS-7 is only 300m. 3X magnifer can be used. 7. Fire the AT-4 using PVS-7 and PAQ-4C Procedure. Mount PAQ-4C to AT-4 using field expedient means. Do NOT attempt to align head with sights. Acquire target using PVS-7. Activate PAQ-4C beam. Adjust PAQ-4C spot onto target. Pull trigger. Techniques Boresighting. AT-4 expedient mounting cannot by boresighted. Illumination. Set up AT-4 in the dark. Remove PVS-7. Normal AT-4 sights can be used if target area is illuminated immediately before firing. Common Errors Using the PAQ-4 in continuous mode. Do NOT ?search? the battlefield. Use the PAQ-4 beam only when engaging targets. Unit leaders, using lasers to direct fire, need to limit their men?s use of individual weapons laser pointers. Mistaking another Marine?s PAQ-4C beam for your own. Attempting to use the sights. Sights have absolutely NO effect on PAQ-4C accuracy. Firing without PAQ-4C. PVS-7, used without a PAQ-4C, does allow the shooter to set up weapon and acquire targets but shooter cannot use sight and PVS-7 does not improve AT-4 accuracy. 8. Fire the M-9 using PVS-7 Procedure. Focus PVS-7 on target. Do NOT attempt to align head with sights. Acquire target using PVS-7. Align body so PVS-7 vision parallels weapon direction. Focus ?over the sights.? Pull trigger. Techniques Common Errors 9. Read a map with PVS-7 Procedure. Lay the map on a flat, stationary surface. Holding head and goggles steady at a fixed distance, focus goggles on map. (20) centimeters is minimum focus range. Use a finger or pencil to maintain position on map when scanning remainder of map or looking at other objects. Techniques. Tape all overlays to map to minimize moving parts. Fold map to minimize searching and folding in the dark. Use a second Marine to read notes or sketches, write notes, or talk on the radio. Common Errors Attempting to read the map ?off-hand?. Movement of hand and head makes focusing impossible. Task overload. Due to fixed-distance focus and limited field of view, maintain the NVG on one item. Have a second Marine focus on other tasks. 10. Navigate with PVS-7 Procedures Ded Reckoning. Hold compass steady against body. Adjust NVGs to read dial. Look up and adjust NVGs to distant steering mark. Walk. Terrain-Association. Adjust NVGs to infinity. While moving, observe terrain, and follow preplanned route. Realize that many terrain features appear different or not at all on NVGs. Techniques Maintain focus on distant terrain. Do no attempt to continuously refocus NVGs on ground or vegetation. When stopping to read map, see TTP 8., above. While moving, binoculars can also be used to improve distant night viewing. Realize that sense of hearing, smell, and touch is decreased due to concentration required for NVGs. The Lensatic Compass has luminous markings. Silva-type compasses are difficult to read with NVGs. Realize that depth perception is poor when using PVS-7. Experience with PVS-7 increases ability to perceive depth. Common Errors Overconfidence. NVGs do not turn night into day. Good route planning is still a necessity. Tunnel vision. NVGs cut view from 188? to 40? . Scan continuously to make up for this limitation. Using the PVS-7 compass. This compass is off by approximately 15? due to metal in the mount. Use this compass for general orientation. Do not use this compass for taking azimuths while ded reckoning. Using the IR illuminator. In the 1982 Falklands War, British patrols could clearly observe Argentinean leaders moving at night with their NVG IR illuminators turned on. 11. Estimate Range using PVS-7 Procedure. Acquire target with PVS-7. Estimate range to target. Techniques Use a map. Know your position. Look for identifying terrain features on the ground that can be found on the map. Have a second man look at the map to avoid refocusing between the map and the ground. Use a Laser Pointer to mark target for another Marine on PVS-7. Compare range estimates. Realize that depth perception is poor when using PVS-7. Experience with PVS-7 increases ability to perceive depth. Common Errors Underestimation. At night, at ranges under 800m, Marines tend to underestimate range. If the terrain between the observer and his target is low ground, Marines tend to underestimate the range. Distant Target. The maximum range for PVS-7 is only 300m. 12. Call for Mortars, Artillery, and NSFS using PVS-7 to observe Procedure. Focus PVS-7 to infinity. Use the bracket technique to get rounds on target. Realize that it is difficult to estimate distance using the PVS-7 at night. HE rounds are clearly visible on PVS-7, sometimes the glowing shrapnel can be observed flying through the air. Techniques Because PVS-7 reduces depth perception, use a map to help spot rounds. Determine distances by comparing surrounding terrain to the target. When a round splashes, try to plot its location on the map. With PVS-7, white phosphorous mortar rounds work well for adjusting because the round is visible burning on the deck. For artillery, the M825 felt wedges look like burning red coals on the deck. During high light level nights, M-22 binoculars can be used to measure mil deviation. Locate the round with PVS-7 and then quickly switch to the M-22 to measure deviation and estimate distance. During low light level nights, M-22 binoculars cannot be used. The ?Hand Estimation Method? cannot be used with PVS-7 due to the requirement for rapidly focusing from far to near. Realize that depth perception is poor when using PVS-7. Experience with PVS-7 increases ability to perceive depth. A mil scale lens cap for the PVS-7 would allow observers to estimate left and right adjustments. Using coordinated illumination allows the observer to operate in daylight conditions. Marking a target for aircraft is best done using M825 improved smoke. The felt wedges look like burning coals spread on the deck, and are clearly visible for minutes. The smoke screen may obscure the mark for non-IR equipped aircraft. WP has a bright flash, but subsides too quickly. Common Errors Not realizing the depth perception limitations of the PVS-7. Not using the map to become familiar with the terrain around the target area. Not using PVS-7. Calling and adjusting at night is difficult to the unaided eye. HE produces a quick flash that is seen momentarily, if at all. WP produces an intense flash, but subsides quickly. 13. Acquire CAS aircraft using PVS-7 Procedure. Focus PVS-7 to infinity. Divide up the sky. Using a map for terrain association and the aircraft?s final attack heading, sector off the airspace from which the aircraft will approach. Using all available eyes focused on this airspace, search for the ?moving star? with the aid of the PVS-7. Once the aircraft is acquired, padlock it. Do not look away. Techniques. PVS-7 focused at infinity reduces the halo effect caused by the high luminance of the stars. Common Errors Not looking in the right direction. Always use the map to sector off the sky. Tunnel vision. PVS-7s cut field of view from 188? to 40? . Scan continuously to compensate for reduced FOV. Losing sight of the aircraft. Once the aircraft is located, do not look away, or have a member of the TACP team watch the aircraft. This will save having to find the aircraft twice. Task saturation. One man spots and clears the aircraft to deliver ordinance. Assign someone to operate the laser pointer and any other distracting tasks. 14. Call for Close Air Support using PVS-7. See Hand-held Laser Pointer TTP. 15. Execute surveillance with PVS-7 and 3X Magnifier. Procedure. Attach 3X to PVS-7. Focus on target area. Scan continuously. Techniques. 3X makes goggles heavy. For long periods of surveillance, rest goggles on a flat surface. Narrow field of view requires constant movement to cover sector of observation. Binoculars can augment surveillance even at night. Relieve observers frequently. Common Errors Overconfidence. 3X gives greater magnification, but at a cost of less light and less field of view. The image is darker and some targets are more difficult to identify. Obscuration. Any type of smoke or fog reduces the PVS-7s ability to see objects. This works to reduce the enemy?s NVG capability as well. 16. Clear a room with PVS-7 Procedure. Flip up PVS-7 on Helmet Mount. Turn on white-light weapons-mounted flashlight. Allow eyes to adjust. Clear rooms and buildings using white light. Techniques White light is recommended in MOUT. In buildings and restricted areas, the PVS-7 reduced field of view is a significant hazard. White light increases field of view, permits accurate target identification, and allows building lights to be used. Muzzle flashes, pyro, detonations, or cultural lighting does not blind Marines. Each Marine needs a weapons-mounted white-light flashlight. In large, open buildings such as hangars, use PVS-7 with IR illuminator on, augmented with IR illuminators. A weapons-mounted flashlight with an IR filter is recommended. When moving between buildings, PVS-7 should be used. From outside a building, IR weapons pointers can be used to illuminate inside darkened hallways, and open windows. Common Errors. Attempting to clear rooms and buildings using the IR illuminator on PVS-7. 17. Pass Hand and Arm Signals using PVS-7 Procedure Techniques Common Errors 18. Navigate in an AAV using PVS-7 Procedure Techniques. PVS-7 do NOT mount to the standard CVC helmet. Common Errors 19. Navigate in a boat using PVS-7 Procedures Techniques. PVS-7 have difficulty seeing IR chemlites mounted on engine housing rear. Using PVS-7 to take bearings for navigation is difficult due to range limitations. Common Errors 20. Don PVS-7 while moving on foot Procedure Techniques Common Errors 21. Establish a Pickup Zone using PVS-7 Procedure Techniques Common Errors 22. Operate PRC-119 with PVS-7 Procedure Techniques. PRC-119 has illuminated control panel. Most radio tasks can be accomplished without NVGs. Common Errors 23. Identify Enemy and Friendly Equipment using PVS-7 Procedure Techniques Common Errors 24. Install and Recover the M-18A1 Claymore using PVS-7 Procedure Techniques Common Errors 25. Wear Field Protective Mask with PVS-7 Procedure. Attach PVS-7 to Helmet Mount. Techniques. Head Mount CANNOT be worn with field protective mask. Common Errors 26. Ski with PVS-7 Procedure Techniques Common Errors 27. Conduct two-party cliff climb with PVS-7 Procedure Techniques. Extensive practice is required to develop NVG climbing ability. Skill to re-focus PVS-7 between cliff face, hands, and equipment makes technique difficult to train large numbers of climbers. Common Errors 28. Load ammunition with PVS-7 Procedure. Load M-16A2 magazine. Load M-249. Load M-240G. Techniques. Marines must be trained to conduct immediate actions by feel in the dark. Refocusing PVS-7 onto the weapons is slow. Using the IR illuminator is dangerous. Common Errors 29. Waterproof PVS-7 Procedure Techniques Common Errors 30. React to illumination with PVS-7 Procedure. Turn head. Close eyes. If goggles shut down, turn switch to OFF, then ON to reset. Techniques If situation will not allow you to close both eyes, close one eye. Dark adaptation occurs independently in each eye. When firing a weapon, use short bursts to minimize muzzle flash and maintain dark adaptation. Common Errors. Looking at illumination through goggles. 31. Use PVS-7 in the prone position Procedure Techniques. When wearing the flak jacket and lying in the prone, the PVS-7 on the helmet mount is pushed toward the ground, making it difficult to maintain visibility. Common Errors 32. Fire the bangalore torpedo with PVS-7 Procedure Techniques Common Errors 33. Fastrope with PVS-7 Procedure Techniques Common Errors 34. Throw grenades with PVS-7 Procedure Techniques Common Errors 35. Signal with PVS-7 IR illuminator Procedure. Turn goggles toward distant unit. Using IR switch, turn IR illuminator on and off to pass required signal. Observe distant unit for proper response. Techniques Linkup procedures. Standard Operating Procedure should define linkup signal: "Moving unit initiates signal with four flashes. Stationary unit responds with two flashes." POSREP procedures. During SBF drill or other coordination drill, have distant unit signal: "Flash IR twice to confirm location." Signals should conform to standard usage. Two of anything is YES. Three of anything is DANGER. Common Errors. Speed. Slow, deliberate signals are easier to see and recognize. PVS-14 CLICK HERE FOR THE AN/PVS-14 NIGHT VISION PLATFORM 1. Nomenclature: AN/PVS-14 Monocular Night Vision Device 2. NSN: 5855-01-432-0524 3. Manual: TM 10271A-10/1 TM 11-5855-306-10 Operator?s Manual, Monocular NVD, AN/PVS-14, 30 Dec 1997 4. Description: The PVS-14 allows the user to see at night using moonlight or starlight. The PVS-14 is a GEN III Image Intensification device similar in performance to PVS-7 NVGs, yet smaller, lighter, and more versatile. PVS-14s can be hand-held, carried in the utility uniform pocket, head-mounted, helmet-mounted, or mounted to a weapon. 5. Characteristics: Weight: 14 oz Focus Range: 25 cm to Infinity Range: 150 m (Starlight), 300 m (Moonlight) Battery: (2) AA Battery Life: > 12 hours Magnification: 1X Diopter Adjustment: +2 to -6 diopters Field of View: 40? 6. Accessories: Helmet mount, head mount, 3X Magnifier, and modular weapons mount. 7. Limitations: In complete darkness, such as inside buildings, PVS-14s are ineffective unless additional IR illumination is present. 8. Usage Notes: PVS-14s are intended for unit leaders and gunners. AA batteries are interchangeable with other equipment. 9. Supplier: Marine Corps Issue. TAMCN: E1154 II BP. $3607.00 PVS-14 Training Handout Ref: TM 10271A-10/1 Operator?s Manual, Monocular NVD, AN/PVS-14, 30 Dec 1997 1. PVS-14 allows the user to see at night under moonlight or starlight. 2. Major components and their purposes. PVS-14 have a (19)-item SL-3 Gear List. See Reference, pages 1-10 through 1-18. Monocular with Lens Cap to protect lens. Demist Shield for high humidity and rain. Degrades visual acuity. Light Interference Filter (LIF) to protect eyes from lasers. Sacrificial Window to protect monocular lens from dust and sand scratches. Compass to orient at night. Tether Cord is a dummy cord for compass or 3x Magnifier. Head Mount & (3) Browpads to mount monocular on head. Helmet Mount to mount monocular on helmet Head / Helmet Mount Adapter to attach monocular to mounts. Small Arms Mount to mount monocular to weapon. Carrying Case & Strap to carry monocular. Storage Case to store monocular and all accessories Operator?s Manual A 3x Magnifier Lens is available as an optional accessory. See Reference. 4. Battery Installation. Either (2) AA Alkaline or (2) AA 1.5V DC Lithium 5. Indicator Lights LOW BATTERY. Blinking red dot in eyepiece means less than 30 minutes of battery life. IR beacon is ON. Steady red dot in eyepiece 6. Switch OFF / RESET turns monocular OFF. Resets monocular after automatic shutoff. ON turns monocular ON. IR turns IR beacon ON. Pull and turn. A steady red dot appears. 7. Automatic Shutoff The monocular shuts off automatically in excessive light, when monocular is removed from head mount, or when monocular is flipped up from the helmet mount. To turn monocular back on, turn switch to OFF / RESET, then back to ON. 8. Monocular Adjustment. PVS-14 have four (4) adjustments: Variable Gain. Adjusts the brightness of the image. This reduces eyestrain, especially in changing light. Objective Lens Focus. Adjusts for sharpest image of viewed object. Diopter Adjustment Ring. Focuses eyepiece for sharpest image of intensifier screen. Rotate diopter adjustment ring for the clearest view of the image. If done in a lighted condition, line up the image through the goggle and the image in your naked eye. Eye Relief. On Helmet and Head mounts, the distance between the user?s eye and the monocular needs to be adjusted as close to the eye as is comfortable. 9. Maintenance Clean lens with lens paper. Turn in for maintenance if monocular has shading, edge flow, flashing, flickering, or operates intermittently. Some blemishes or spots on screen are not deadline issues. Monocular can only be adjusted by higher echelon maintenance. 10. Mounts Head Mount. Don Head Mount. Adjust straps. Attach Head / Helmet Mount Adapter to Monocular. Attach Monocular to Mount. Adjust Eye Relief by sliding mounting bracket toward or away from eyes. Helmet Mount. Strap Helmet Mount to helmet. Attach Head / Helmet Mount Adapter to Monocular. Attach Monocular to Mount. Slide monocular up and down by loosening bracket knob. Adjust Eye Relief by sliding mounting bracket toward or away from eyes. Monocular can be flipped up when not in use. Monocular can be removed from the helmet by depressing the lever on the right side of the helmet mount and removing the entire bracket. Monocular can be worn on either eye. Loosen the knob on the end of the Mount Adapter and rotate the monocular to the desired eye. Once the monocular is positioned, tighten the knob. Small Arms Weapons Mount. Attach to weapon. Mount PVS-14 to mount. Can be used with 3X Magnifier. 11. Pre-Combat Checks Install Batteries. Remove Lens Cap. Install Sacrificial Window OR Compass OR 3X Magnifier. Don and Adjust Head Mount OR Helmet Mount. Make the four (4) monocular adjustments. 12. IR Beacon IR beacon illuminates near objects in very dark conditions, or for signaling. The IR beacon CAN be detected by an enemy equipped with NVGs. Turn Beacon ON by pulling switch out and forward. A steady red dot appears in the eyepiece to signal the IR is ON. PVS-14 TTP See PVS-7 TTP. Most of the Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the PVS-7 are the same as for PVS-14. The following TTP are specific to PVS-14. 1. Fire the M-16A2 with PVS-14 mounted. Procedure. Mount the PVS-14 to the weapon using the Small Arms Mount. Adjust PVS-14 far enough away from eye to prevent injury from weapon recoil. Op-check PAQ-4C / PEQ-2A beam by observing through PVS-14 monocular. Techniques. Mounting PVS-14 to the M-16A2 is best done in stationary or defensive operations where the Marine is covering a sector from behind his weapon. Common Errors Using a mounted PVS-14 during offensive actions. It is near impossible to use a mounted PVS-14 while moving with the weapon. Using the IR illuminator in a stationary position. 2. Fire the M40 Sniper Rifle with the Unertl scope and PVS-14. Procedure. Mount the Unertl scope to the rifle. Cut a 7-inch piece of riggers tape lengthwise. Wrap it around the focus ring of the PVS-14, making sure you don?t tape the focus ring to the body of the PVS-14. Turn the device on and focus at long range. Slide the focus ring into the ocular lens of the Unertl scope until it fits snugly. Readjust focus to ensure clarity. Techniques. Small turns of the PVS-14 left and right will make focus adjustments. Common Errors. Not adjusting proper eye relief for attaining good sight picture and avoiding scope bite. 3X Magnifier 1. Nomenclature: 3X Magnifier 2. NSN: 5855-01-423-0817 3. Manual: NONE 4. Description: The 3x Magnifier is an optional attachment to the PVS-7 and PVS-14. It is a small, lightweight, portable 3X lens that silently attaches to PVS-7 and PVS-14 without any tools. It is extremely helpful in surveillance. 5. Characteristics: Weight: 190 g Field of View: 11.6 degrees Magnification: 3X 6. Accessories: Carrying Pouch with Alice clip. 7. Limitations: Narrow field of view. Difficult to focus on near objects. Images appear darker due to less available light. 3X unbalances NVG mounts, causing neck strain. 8. Usage Notes: 3x are intended for unit leaders or Marines executing surveillance missions. 9. Supplier: Marine Corps Issue. Sierra Pacific Innovations (SPI) offers its products for legal use only. It is the sole responsibility of the purchaser to determine local, state, federal, and international regulations prior to purchase. SPI will not be held responsible for any illegal use of its products. SPI reserves the right to refuse shipment to any person/party for any reason. Specifications and prices listed on the SPI web site and in Quotes are subject to change without notice. All images and brand names of products are either copyright SPI or are copyright or trademark of their respective companies. SPI reserves all rights. All other companies reserve their respective rights. No part of SPI's online or offline data may be copied without the express written consent of SPI and / or the copyright / trademark owner. Most SPI products and item components are subject to Export restrictions administered by the US Departments of State & Commerce. Please contact the US Department of State / Commerce for assistance. If Export of any component or item of SPI's products are approved by the United States Government, Re-Export laws must be complied with. Our new www.militaryinfrared.com website has GSA thermal FLIR Infrared cameras imagers and night vision systems.

Sensor Fusion FLIR CLIP-ON NVG AN/PVS-7D thermal goggles and night vision AN/PVS-14

Additional Information

AN/PVS-7

PVS-7 Data Sheet
PVS-7 Training Handout
How to Focus PVS-7
PVS-7 Tactics, Techniques and Procedures

AN/PVS-14

PVS-14 Data Sheet
PVS-14 Training Handout
PVS-14 Tactics, Techniques and Procedures

3X Magnifier

3X Magnifier Data Sheet

AN/PVS-7D

CLICK HERE FOR THE AN/PVS-7D GENERATION 3 GOGGLE PLATFORM

email US for sensor fusion engineering services, including goggles, flir sights, CLIP-ON thermal scopes, and binoculars

1. Nomenclature:

AN/PVS-7B Night Vision Goggles (NVGs)
AN/PVS-7D Night Vision Goggles (NVGs)

2. NSN:

7B: 5855-01-228-0937
7D: 5855-01-422-5413

3. Manual:

TM 11-5855-262-10-02 Operators Manual, NVG AN/PVS-7B, 15 Jul 1994
TM 09500A-10/1A, 30 Dec 1997

4. Description:

PVS-7 Night Vision Goggles allow the user to see at night using moonlight or starlight. PVS-7s can be hand held, head-mounted, or helmet-mounted. The goggles have an IR illuminator for illumination or signaling. An indicator lets the user know when the IR light is on. A separate indicator signals low battery. Automatic shutoff occurs on high light, when goggle is detached from the head mount, or flipped up on the helmet mount.

5. Characteristics:

Weight: 18 oz
Focus Range: 20 cm to Infinity
Range: 150 m (Starlight), 300 m (Moonlight)
Battery: (2) AA or (1) BA-5567/U
Battery Life: 4-6 hours
Magnification: 1X
Field of View: 40
Interpupilary Adjustment: 55 to 71 mm

6. Accessories:

PVS-7s include a helmet mount and a head mount. The 7D include a compass. A 3X Magnifier attachment is available.

7. Limitations:

In complete darkness, such as inside buildings, PVS-7s are ineffective without IR illumination. The compass is 15 off. The IR illuminator illuminates only at a short range. The IR illuminator is visible to an enemy with NVGs. The helmet mount unbalances the helmet and causes neck fatigue. The 7B carrying case has a noisy velcro closure.

8. Usage Notes:

The IR illuminator works well as a recognition signal during link-ups.

9. Supplier:

Marine Corps Issue. TAMCN: E1152 II BP. $3578.00

PVS-7 Training Handout

Ref: TM 09500A-10/1A, 30 Dec 1997

1. PVS-7 Night Vision Goggles allow the user to see at night using moonlight or starlight.

2. Major components and their purposes

PVS-7D have an (18)-item SL-3 Gear List. See Reference, pages B-4 through B-8.

Goggles & Lens Cap to protects lens.
Demist Shields (2) for high humidity and rain. Degrades visual acuity.
Light Interference Filter (LIF) to protect eyes from lasers.
Sacrificial Window to protect lens from dust and sand scratches.
IR Flood Lens to adjust IR beacon from spot to flood.
Compass to orient at night.
Tether Cord to dummy cord compass or 3X Magnifier Lens.
Head Mount & (3) Browpads to mount goggles on head.
Helmet Mount to mount goggles on helmet.
Carrying Case & Strap to carry goggles.
Storage Case to store goggles and all accessories.
Operator?s Manual

Older PVS-7Bs were not issued with a Helmet Mount, Compass, Tether Cord, or IR Flood Lens. The helmet mount, NSN 5855-01-441-0401, is far easier to use and should be back-ordered for 7Bs.

A 3X Magnifier Lens is available as an optional accessory. See Reference, pages C-2 through C-3.

3. Battery Installation. Either (1) BA-5567/U or (2) AA alkaline.

4. Indicator Lights

LOW BATTERY - Red dot in right eyepiece.

IR beacon is ON - Red dot in left eyepiece.

5. Switch

OFF / RESET - turns goggles OFF. Resets Goggles after automatic shutoff.

ON - turns goggles ON.

IR - turns IR beacon ON. Pull and turn. New goggles have temporary ON.

6. Automatic Shutoff

Goggles shut off automatically in Excessive Light, when the goggles are removed from the Head Mount, or when the goggles are flipped up from the Helmet Mount. To turn goggles back on, turn switch to OFF / RESET, then back to ON position.

7. Goggle Adjustments. PVS-7s have four (4) adjustments:

Interpupilary Distance. The two eyepieces slide apart to adjust to the user?s interpupilary distance. Adjust the Interpupilary Distance so that each eye views each lens as a perfect circle.

Eye Relief. On the head mount and the helmet mount, the distance from the goggles to the user?s eyes needs to be adjusted as close to the eyes as is comfortable.

Objective Lens Focus. The main lens rotates to focus on objects closer or farther away.

Diopter focus. Each eyepiece adjusts independently to focus each eye on the image inside the goggles. Turn objective lens to focus on an object 20 feet away. Once focused, turn left diopter ring counterclockwise all the way. Close right eye. Turn left diopter ring clockwise until image first becomes clear. Do not turn past this point. Repeat this adjustment for right eyepiece, then re-adjust objective lens focus.

8. Maintenance

Clean lens with lens paper. Turn in for maintenance if goggles have shading, edge glow, flashing, flickering, or operate intermittently. Some blemishes or spots are not deadline issues. Goggle resolution can only be adjusted by higher echelon maintenance.

9. Mounts

Always wear the PVS-7 on a mount. NVGs are not opera glasses to be worn around the neck and lifted to the eyes when needed. This requires one hand, making it impossible to shoot. The helmet mount is far superior to the head mount. On operations where helmets are not usually worn, such as boat raids, leaders may direct Marines to wear helmets solely as a platform for the PVS-7. Marines should be able to assemble all mount hardware in the dark.

Head Mount. Don Head Mount and adjust straps. Attach goggles to mount. Adjust Eye Relief by sliding mounting bracket toward or away from eyes.

Helmet Mount. Strap Helmet Mount onto helmet. Attach goggles to Mount. Adjust goggle height by loosening bracket knob and sliding goggles up and down. Adjust Eye Relief by sliding mounting bracket toward or away from eyes. Goggles can be flipped up when not in use.

10. Pre-Combat Checks

Install batteries.

Remove Lens Cap. Attach Sacrificial Window OR Compass OR 3X Magnifier.

Attach IR Flood Lens.

Don and Adjust Head Mount OR Helmet Mount.

Make the four (4) goggle adjustments.

11. IR Beacon

The IR Beacon is for illuminating near objects in very dark conditions, or for signaling. The IR beacon CAN be detected by an enemy with NVGs. Newer goggles have a momentary ON feature. Turn Beacon ON by pulling switch out and forward. Red dot in left eye indicates IR is ON. Flood Lens attachment allows beacon to adjust from spot to flood.

How to Focus PVS-7

1. Set Up

Install batteries in PVS-7. Don and adjust Head Mount or Helmet Mount. Attach PVS-7.

Stand behind 20-foot line.

Turn lights OFF. Turn PVS-7 ON. Turn IR illuminator ON.

2. Make the (4) PVS-7 goggle adjustments

Adjust Interpupilary Distance. Slide eyepieces closer or farther apart so that each eye views each lens as a perfect circle.

Adjust Eye Relief. On the head mount and the helmet mount, adjust PVS-7 as close to the eyes as is comfortable to acquire maximum field of view. Lens caps should cover eyes.

Adjust Objective Lens. Turn Objective Lens fully counterclockwise. Rotate Objective Lens clockwise until both vertical and horizontal charts are clearly in focus.

Adjust each Diopter Ring. Turn both Diopter Rings fully counterclockwise. Close right eye. Turn left Diopter Ring clockwise until image first becomes clear. Do not turn past this point. Repeat this for right eyepiece. Re-adjust Objective Lens.

3. Afterwards, when re-focusing for distance, adjust Objective Lens ONLY. Do NOT re-adjust Diopter Rings.

Xerox this page and next page. See bottom of next page for instructions on how to set up a PVS-7 focus lane.

PVS-7 Adjustment Chart

7. Fire the AT-4 using PVS-7 and PAQ-4C

Procedure. Mount PAQ-4C to AT-4 using field expedient means. Do NOT attempt to align head with sights. Acquire target using PVS-7. Activate PAQ-4C beam. Adjust PAQ-4C spot onto target. Pull trigger.

Techniques

Boresighting. AT-4 expedient mounting cannot by boresighted. Illumination. Set up AT-4 in the dark. Remove PVS-7. Normal AT-4 sights can be used if target area is illuminated immediately before firing.

Common Errors

8. Fire the M-9 using PVS-7

Procedure. Focus PVS-7 on target. Do NOT attempt to align head with sights. Acquire target using PVS-7. Align body so PVS-7 vision parallels weapon direction. Focus ?over the sights.? Pull trigger.

Techniques

Common Errors

9. Read a map with PVS-7

Procedure. Lay the map on a flat, stationary surface. Holding head and goggles steady at a fixed distance, focus goggles on map. (20) centimeters is minimum focus range. Use a finger or pencil to maintain position on map when scanning remainder of map or looking at other objects.

Techniques. Tape all overlays to map to minimize moving parts. Fold map to minimize searching and folding in the dark. Use a second Marine to read notes or sketches, write notes, or talk on the radio.

Common Errors

Attempting to read the map ?off-hand?. Movement of hand and head makes focusing impossible. Task overload. Due to fixed-distance focus and limited field of view, maintain the NVG on one item. Have a second Marine focus on other tasks.

10. Navigate with PVS-7

Procedures

Ded Reckoning. Hold compass steady against body. Adjust NVGs to read dial. Look up and adjust NVGs to distant steering mark. Walk. Terrain-Association. Adjust NVGs to infinity. While moving, observe terrain, and follow preplanned route. Realize that many terrain features appear different or not at all on NVGs.

Techniques

Maintain focus on distant terrain. Do no attempt to continuously refocus NVGs on ground or vegetation. When stopping to read map, see TTP 8., above. While moving, binoculars can also be used to improve distant night viewing. Realize that sense of hearing, smell, and touch is decreased due to concentration required for NVGs. The Lensatic Compass has luminous markings. Silva-type compasses are difficult to read with NVGs. Realize that depth perception is poor when using PVS-7. Experience with PVS-7 increases ability to perceive depth.

Common Errors

Overconfidence. NVGs do not turn night into day. Good route planning is still a necessity. Tunnel vision. NVGs cut view from 188? to 40? . Scan continuously to make up for this limitation. Using the PVS-7 compass. This compass is off by approximately 15? due to metal in the mount. Use this compass for general orientation. Do not use this compass for taking azimuths while ded reckoning. Using the IR illuminator. In the 1982 Falklands War, British patrols could clearly observe Argentinean leaders moving at night with their NVG IR illuminators turned on.

11. Estimate Range using PVS-7

Procedure. Acquire target with PVS-7. Estimate range to target.

Techniques

Use a map. Know your position. Look for identifying terrain features on the ground that can be found on the map. Have a second man look at the map to avoid refocusing between the map and the ground. Use a Laser Pointer to mark target for another Marine on PVS-7. Compare range estimates. Realize that depth perception is poor when using PVS-7. Experience with PVS-7 increases ability to perceive depth.

Common Errors

Underestimation. At night, at ranges under 800m, Marines tend to underestimate range. If the terrain between the observer and his target is low ground, Marines tend to underestimate the range. Distant Target. The maximum range for PVS-7 is only 300m.

12. Call for Mortars, Artillery, and NSFS using PVS-7 to observe

Procedure. Focus PVS-7 to infinity. Use the bracket technique to get rounds on target. Realize that it is difficult to estimate distance using the PVS-7 at night. HE rounds are clearly visible on PVS-7, sometimes the glowing shrapnel can be observed flying through the air.

Techniques

Because PVS-7 reduces depth perception, use a map to help spot rounds. Determine distances by comparing surrounding terrain to the target. When a round splashes, try to plot its location on the map. With PVS-7, white phosphorous mortar rounds work well for adjusting because the round is visible burning on the deck. For artillery, the M825 felt wedges look like burning red coals on the deck. During high light level nights, M-22 binoculars can be used to measure mil deviation. Locate the round with PVS-7 and then quickly switch to the M-22 to measure deviation and estimate distance. During low light level nights, M-22 binoculars cannot be used. The ?Hand Estimation Method? cannot be used with PVS-7 due to the requirement for rapidly focusing from far to near. Realize that depth perception is poor when using PVS-7. Experience with PVS-7 increases ability to perceive depth. A mil scale lens cap for the PVS-7 would allow observers to estimate left and right adjustments. Using coordinated illumination allows the observer to operate in daylight conditions.

Marking a target for aircraft is best done using M825 improved smoke. The felt wedges look like burning coals spread on the deck, and are clearly visible for minutes. The smoke screen may obscure the mark for non-IR equipped aircraft. WP has a bright flash, but subsides too quickly.

Common Errors

Not realizing the depth perception limitations of the PVS-7. Not using the map to become familiar with the terrain around the target area. Not using PVS-7. Calling and adjusting at night is difficult to the unaided eye. HE produces a quick flash that is seen momentarily, if at all. WP produces an intense flash, but subsides quickly.

13. Acquire CAS aircraft using PVS-7

Procedure. Focus PVS-7 to infinity. Divide up the sky. Using a map for terrain association and the aircraft?s final attack heading, sector off the airspace from which the aircraft will approach. Using all available eyes focused on this airspace, search for the ?moving star? with the aid of the PVS-7. Once the aircraft is acquired, padlock it. Do not look away.

Techniques. PVS-7 focused at infinity reduces the halo effect caused by the high luminance of the stars.

Common Errors

Not looking in the right direction. Always use the map to sector off the sky. Tunnel vision. PVS-7s cut field of view from 188? to 40? . Scan continuously to compensate for reduced FOV. Losing sight of the aircraft. Once the aircraft is located, do not look away, or have a member of the TACP team watch the aircraft. This will save having to find the aircraft twice. Task saturation. One man spots and clears the aircraft to deliver ordinance. Assign someone to operate the laser pointer and any other distracting tasks.

14. Call for Close Air Support using PVS-7. See Hand-held Laser Pointer TTP.

15. Execute surveillance with PVS-7 and 3X Magnifier.

Procedure. Attach 3X to PVS-7. Focus on target area. Scan continuously.

Techniques. 3X makes goggles heavy. For long periods of surveillance, rest goggles on a flat surface. Narrow field of view requires constant movement to cover sector of observation. Binoculars can augment surveillance even at night. Relieve observers frequently.

Common Errors

Overconfidence. 3X gives greater magnification, but at a cost of less light and less field of view. The image is darker and some targets are more difficult to identify. Obscuration. Any type of smoke or fog reduces the PVS-7s ability to see objects. This works to reduce the enemy?s NVG capability as well.

16. Clear a room with PVS-7

Common Errors. Looking at illumination through goggles.

31. Use PVS-7 in the prone position

Procedure

Techniques. When wearing the flak jacket and lying in the prone, the PVS-7 on the helmet mount is pushed toward the ground, making it difficult to maintain visibility.

Common Errors

32. Fire the bangalore torpedo with PVS-7

Procedure

Techniques

Common Errors

33. Fastrope with PVS-7

Procedure

Techniques

Common Errors

34. Throw grenades with PVS-7

Procedure

Techniques

Common Errors

35. Signal with PVS-7 IR illuminator

Procedure. Turn goggles toward distant unit. Using IR switch, turn IR illuminator on and off to pass required signal. Observe distant unit for proper response.

Techniques

Linkup procedures. Standard Operating Procedure should define linkup signal: "Moving unit initiates signal with four flashes. Stationary unit responds with two flashes." POSREP procedures. During SBF drill or other coordination drill, have distant unit signal: "Flash IR twice to confirm location." Signals should conform to standard usage. Two of anything is YES. Three of anything is DANGER.

Common Errors. Speed. Slow, deliberate signals are easier to see and recognize.

PVS-14

CLICK HERE FOR THE AN/PVS-14 NIGHT VISION PLATFORM

1. Nomenclature: AN/PVS-14 Monocular Night Vision Device

2. NSN: 5855-01-432-0524

3. Manual:

TM 10271A-10/1
TM 11-5855-306-10 Operator?s Manual, Monocular NVD, AN/PVS-14, 30 Dec 1997

4. Description:

The PVS-14 allows the user to see at night using moonlight or starlight. The PVS-14 is a GEN III Image Intensification device similar in performance to PVS-7 NVGs, yet smaller, lighter, and more versatile. PVS-14s can be hand-held, carried in the utility uniform pocket, head-mounted, helmet-mounted, or mounted to a weapon.

5. Characteristics:

Weight: 14 oz
Focus Range: 25 cm to Infinity
Range: 150 m (Starlight), 300 m (Moonlight)
Battery: (2) AA
Battery Life: > 12 hours
Magnification: 1X
Diopter Adjustment: +2 to -6 diopters
Field of View: 40?

6. Accessories: Helmet mount, head mount, 3X Magnifier, and modular weapons mount.

7. Limitations:

In complete darkness, such as inside buildings, PVS-14s are ineffective unless additional IR illumination is present.

8. Usage Notes:

PVS-14s are intended for unit leaders and gunners. AA batteries are interchangeable with other equipment.

9. Supplier:

Marine Corps Issue. TAMCN: E1154 II BP. $3607.00

PVS-14 Training Handout

Ref: TM 10271A-10/1 Operator?s Manual, Monocular NVD, AN/PVS-14, 30 Dec 1997

1. PVS-14 allows the user to see at night under moonlight or starlight.

2. Major components and their purposes.

PVS-14 have a (19)-item SL-3 Gear List. See Reference, pages 1-10 through 1-18.

Monocular with Lens Cap to protect lens.

Demist Shield for high humidity and rain. Degrades visual acuity.

Light Interference Filter (LIF) to protect eyes from lasers.
Sacrificial Window to protect monocular lens from dust and sand scratches.
Compass to orient at night.
Tether Cord is a dummy cord for compass or 3x Magnifier.
Head Mount & (3) Browpads to mount monocular on head.
Helmet Mount to mount monocular on helmet
Head / Helmet Mount Adapter to attach monocular to mounts.
Small Arms Mount to mount monocular to weapon.
Carrying Case & Strap to carry monocular.
Storage Case to store monocular and all accessories
Operator?s Manual

A 3x Magnifier Lens is available as an optional accessory. See Reference.

4. Battery Installation. Either (2) AA Alkaline or (2) AA 1.5V DC Lithium

5. Indicator Lights

LOW BATTERY. Blinking red dot in eyepiece means less than 30 minutes of battery life.

IR beacon is ON. Steady red dot in eyepiece

6. Switch

OFF / RESET turns monocular OFF. Resets monocular after automatic shutoff.

ON turns monocular ON.

IR turns IR beacon ON. Pull and turn. A steady red dot appears.

7. Automatic Shutoff

The monocular shuts off automatically in excessive light, when monocular is removed from head mount, or when monocular is flipped up from the helmet mount. To turn monocular back on, turn switch to OFF / RESET, then back to ON.

8. Monocular Adjustment. PVS-14 have four (4) adjustments:

Variable Gain. Adjusts the brightness of the image. This reduces eyestrain, especially in changing light.

Objective Lens Focus. Adjusts for sharpest image of viewed object.

Diopter Adjustment Ring. Focuses eyepiece for sharpest image of intensifier screen. Rotate diopter adjustment ring for the clearest view of the image. If done in a lighted condition, line up the image through the goggle and the image in your naked eye.

Eye Relief. On Helmet and Head mounts, the distance between the user?s eye and the monocular needs to be adjusted as close to the eye as is comfortable.

9. Maintenance

Clean lens with lens paper. Turn in for maintenance if monocular has shading, edge flow, flashing, flickering, or operates intermittently. Some blemishes or spots on screen are not deadline issues. Monocular can only be adjusted by higher echelon maintenance.

10. Mounts

Head Mount. Don Head Mount. Adjust straps. Attach Head / Helmet Mount Adapter to Monocular. Attach Monocular to Mount. Adjust Eye Relief by sliding mounting bracket toward or away from eyes.

Helmet Mount. Strap Helmet Mount to helmet. Attach Head / Helmet Mount Adapter to Monocular. Attach Monocular to Mount. Slide monocular up and down by loosening bracket knob. Adjust Eye Relief by sliding mounting bracket toward or away from eyes.

Monocular can be flipped up when not in use.
Monocular can be removed from the helmet by depressing the lever on the right side of the helmet mount and removing the entire bracket.
Monocular can be worn on either eye. Loosen the knob on the end of the Mount Adapter and rotate the monocular to the desired eye. Once the monocular is positioned, tighten the knob.

Small Arms Weapons Mount. Attach to weapon. Mount PVS-14 to mount. Can be used with 3X Magnifier.

11. Pre-Combat Checks

Install Batteries.

Remove Lens Cap. Install Sacrificial Window OR Compass OR 3X Magnifier.

Don and Adjust Head Mount OR Helmet Mount.

Make the four (4) monocular adjustments.

12. IR Beacon

IR beacon illuminates near objects in very dark conditions, or for signaling. The IR beacon CAN be detected by an enemy equipped with NVGs. Turn Beacon ON by pulling switch out and forward. A steady red dot appears in the eyepiece to signal the IR is ON.

PVS-14 TTP

See PVS-7 TTP. Most of the Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the PVS-7 are the same as for PVS-14. The following TTP are specific to PVS-14.

1. Fire the M-16A2 with PVS-14 mounted.

Procedure. Mount the PVS-14 to the weapon using the Small Arms Mount. Adjust PVS-14 far enough away from eye to prevent injury from weapon recoil. Op-check PAQ-4C / PEQ-2A beam by observing through PVS-14 monocular.

Techniques. Mounting PVS-14 to the M-16A2 is best done in stationary or defensive operations where the Marine is covering a sector from behind his weapon.

Common Errors

Using a mounted PVS-14 during offensive actions. It is near impossible to use a mounted PVS-14 while moving with the weapon. Using the IR illuminator in a stationary position.

2. Fire the M40 Sniper Rifle with the Unertl scope and PVS-14.

Procedure. Mount the Unertl scope to the rifle. Cut a 7-inch piece of riggers tape lengthwise. Wrap it around the focus ring of the PVS-14, making sure you don?t tape the focus ring to the body of the PVS-14. Turn the device on and focus at long range. Slide the focus ring into the ocular lens of the Unertl scope until it fits snugly. Readjust focus to ensure clarity.

Techniques. Small turns of the PVS-14 left and right will make focus adjustments.

Common Errors. Not adjusting proper eye relief for attaining good sight picture and avoiding scope bite.

3X Magnifier

1. Nomenclature: 3X Magnifier

2. NSN: 5855-01-423-0817

3. Manual: NONE

4. Description:

The 3x Magnifier is an optional attachment to the PVS-7 and PVS-14. It is a small, lightweight, portable 3X lens that silently attaches to PVS-7 and PVS-14 without any tools. It is extremely helpful in surveillance.

5. Characteristics:

Weight: 190 g
Field of View: 11.6 degrees
Magnification: 3X

6. Accessories: Carrying Pouch with Alice clip.

7. Limitations:

Narrow field of view. Difficult to focus on near objects. Images appear darker due to less available light. 3X unbalances NVG mounts, causing neck strain.

8. Usage Notes: 3x are intended for unit leaders or Marines executing surveillance missions.

9. Supplier: Marine Corps Issue.

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